Британское правительство перед началом перевода всей энергетики страны на водород заказало исследование о его влиянии на темпы глобального потепления. Результаты чиновников огорчили – оказалось, что на 100-летнем периоде 1 тонна водорода будет способствовать разогреву атмосферы в 11 раз больше, чем тонна CO2. Выходит, «зеленый переход» не такой уж и безопасный?
Водород в данном случае опасен тем, что мешает естественному процессу нейтрализации метана в атмосфере гидроксильными радикалами. Он сам вступает с ними в реакцию, поэтому метан задерживается дольше и как парниковый газ усугубляет перегрев атмосферы. С другой стороны, CO2 из нее удаляется очень медленно, в течение сотен лет, поэтому с точки зрения влияния на глобальное потепление накопление CO2 опасно в долгосрочной перспективе, а избыток водорода (и как следствие метана) — в краткосрочной.
Исследования показали, что при переходе на использование водорода неизбежны многочисленные утечки этого газа. Так, ежедневные потери при хранении в баллоне под давлением составляют от 0,12 % до 0,24 %. В сжиженном и охлажденном состоянии они достигают уже до 1 % в день, а при прокачке через трубопроводы потери будут на 20 % больше, чем в случае природного газа. Полный цикл выработки водорода методом электролиза, закачки в топливный элемент и хранения до полной переработки в энергию в лучшем случае сулит потери 3,2%, а в худшем, с учетом человеческого фактора — до 10 %.
Авторы отчета пришли к выводу, что если строжайше соблюдать все правила техники безопасности, то мировая энергетика будет терять всего 1,5 % всего выработанного водорода. А если допустить его широкое применение без должного контроля, по аналогии с тем, как сейчас обычные потребители заправляют топливом машины на АЗС, то утечки достигнут катастрофических 10 %. Однако и в этом случае применение водорода менее вредно для атмосферы планеты, чем выбросы CO2.
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