Ученые раскрыли секрет невероятной прочности древнеримского бетона

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Ученые раскрыли секрет невероятной прочности древнеримского бетона

Купол Пантеона

Древние римляне были не только отважными воинами, но и превосходными строителями. Об этом может свидетельствовать такое сооружение, как Пантеон, построенное из неармированного бетона 2000 лет назад. Несмотря на пережитые 20 веков, бетон остался нетронутым. Прежде ученые считали, что его невероятная прочность объясняется присутствием вулканического пепла и особым методом смешивания компонентов, но дело оказалось не только в этом.

Исследуя образцы древнего бетона, ученые обнаружили в нем пуццолану — особый вулканический пепел, получивший свое называние в честь города Поццуоли. Кроме того, в бетоне были обнаружены и крупные включения извести. Сначала специалисты объясняли это низким качеством смешивания, но затем исключили эту версию. Чтобы «докопаться» до истины, потребовалось детально рассмотреть технологию приготовления такого бетона.

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Оказалось, что версия об использовании римлянами гашеной извести не соответствует действительности. Пуццолановый бетон готовился смешиванием пуццоланы и негашеной извести с водой. Это обеспечивало химические реакции при высоких температурах, придававших раствору невероятную прочность. Их особенностью было появление в бетоне кусков извести — но это было преимуществом, а не минусом.

Если бетон лопался, то трещина обязательно проходила через одну из раковин с известью. Она вступала в реакцию с водой и образовывала раствор, насыщенный кальцием, который тут же надежно скреплял пострадавшие фрагменты.

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