Работа над ошибками не заставила себя ждать Поделиться
Власти осознали, что льготная ипотека не смогла вернуть уехавших айтишников в страну и не особенно вдохновила тех, кто остался на родине. Банки одобрили всего 17 тыс. заявок и выдали по ним только 6 тыс. кредитов, что составляет менее 0,5% от общего количества жилищных займов в 2022 году. Сейчас требования смягчаются: в программе смогут участвовать больше компаний и специалистов. Однако ключевое условие — покупка жилья на первичном рынке — остается неизменным, поскольку властям надо поддержать не только айтишников, но и застройщиков, оказавшихся в сложном положении из-за падения спроса.
Правительство считает льготную ипотеку ключевой мерой, призванной удержать в стране айтишников. «Президент поставил задачу обеспечить технологический суверенитет страны. Для ее решения востребованы компетентные специалисты в IT-сфере. Важно оказывать им всестороннюю поддержку», — заявил на совещании с вице-премьерами Михаил Мишустин.
Раз в устах президента звучит слово «суверенитет», очевидно, что работать над ним надо дома, а диван в Барселоне или гамак на Бали, как привыкли люди свободных профессий, для этой миссии категорически не подходят. Условия IT-ипотеки были разработаны кабмином в кратчайшие сроки. Но в спешке чиновники не учли ряд принципиальных нюансов.
В первоначальный вариант программы попал пункт о том, что компания — работодатель потенциального заемщика должна иметь не только аккредитацию Минцифры, но и получать там налоговые льготы. Людям из регионов, работавшим на столичную структуру, для оформления льготной ипотеки требовалось продемонстрировать зарплату не ниже 150 тыс. руб., которую редко встретишь за МКАД. Кроме того, заемщика делали своего рода «цифровым крепостным»: весь срок кредита (а это, между прочим, до 30 лет) он должен был трудиться только в аккредитованной IT-компании. При этом на переход из одной фирмы в другую ему давалось всего три месяца. В противном случае банк получал право в одностороннем порядке повысить льготную ставку до коммерческой.
Чиновники уверяют, что даже на таких условиях программа пользовалась успехом у айтишников и реализовывалась успешно. Однако озвученные на совещании у Мишустина цифры заставляют усомниться в таких оценках. Вице-премьер Дмитрий Чернышенко сообщил, что с весны 2022 года банками было одобрено 17 тыс. заявок и выдано 6 тыс. ипотечных кредитов на сумму 54 млрд руб. Всего в IT-отрасли, по данными Минцифры, трудятся 3 млн человек. А аккредитованных компаний, подходящих под требования программы, около 12 тыс. Это означает, что получить льготный кредит на покупку жилья удалось только 0,2% всех специалистов. И даже не в каждой компании нашелся хотя бы один счастливчик. Если же сравнивать объем выданных айтишникам кредитов с общими параметрами ипотеки в 2022 году, то получится и вовсе капля в море — 54 млрд руб. из 4,8 трлн руб. Тогда как общая доля займов с господдержкой в структуре ипотеки достигла уже 40%.
Впрочем, надо отдать должное кабмину: работа над ошибками не заставила себя ждать. Новый вариант ипотечной программы для айтишников, представленный 30 января, предусматривает, что кредиты под 5% годовых смогут брать сотрудники всех аккредитованных при Минцифре компаний вне зависимости от того, получают они налоговые льготы или нет. «Таких организаций в стране около 20 тыс.», — уточнил Чернышенко. По его словам, расширяется также возрастной ценз участников: вместо 22–44 года будет 18–50 лет. При этом какую именно должность занимает соискатель займа, власти не интересует: в теории и на практике на льготную ипотеку могут претендовать все сотрудники компании, даже не имеющие прямого отношения к «цифре». Также смягчаются требования к заработной плате: 150 тыс. руб. (до вычета НДФЛ) остаются только для Москвы. Для остальных городов-миллионников вводится планка от 120 тыс. А для других регионов — от 70 тыс. руб. При этом размер зарплаты должен соответствовать тому городу, который указан в трудовом договоре, а не тому, где находится головной офис. Это облегчит доступ к IT-ипотеке для специалистов из регионов.
Вопрос «цифрового рабства» до конца не решен, но условия стали лучше. «Работать в аккредитованной IT-компании после оформления кредита нужно будет минимум пять лет (…) Если сотрудник уволится, льготная ставка сохранится в течение шести месяцев, а не трех, как было раньше», — рассказал Чернышенко. Он считает, что послабления позволят поддержать квадратным метром 24 тыс. айтишников в 2023 году и 20 тыс. в 2024-м. Это обойдется бюджету в 14,5 млрд руб.
Однако в программе по-прежнему остались изъяны. Во-первых, Минцифры не удалось уломать Минфин на снижение ставки с 5% до 3% годовых (а именно на таких условиях жилищные кредиты дают за границей, откуда хотят выманить айтишников). Во-вторых, программа по-прежнему распространяется только на новостройки, а вторичное жилье по ней не купишь. Наконец, мало кому удастся взять ипотеку на строительство загородного дома: то есть правила это позволяют, но банки в таком случае требуют соизмеримый кредиту залог или надежного поручителя. А такие возможности есть далеко не у каждого. Некоторые и вовсе считают, что ипотека, даже самая привлекательная, проблему отъезда и возвращения не решит: айтишникам важно находиться в «живой» конкурентной среде, а собственность на квартиру не является главной ценностью.
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