В Барселоне успешно завершилось тестирование нового топлива для городских автобусов – оно изготовлено из человеческих отходов. В рамках проекта «Нимбус», который длился на протяжении пяти лет, один из автобусов работал на биогазе, созданном по специальной формуле. Городские власти отметили, что это топливо создает меньше выбросов, чем природный газ — плюс не имеет неприятного запаха.
Этот совместный проект городской водораспределительной компании Veolia, компании общественного транспорта Барселоны и Независимого университета Барселоны. Они искали альтернативу электробусам, которые нерентабельны на дальних пригородных маршрутах. К тому же человеческие отходы – это в прямом смысле возобновляемый ресурс, а мегаполисы вроде Барселоны ежедневно генерируют их в огромных количествах.
Сырьевой базой стали промышленные водоочистные сооружения Байш-Льобрегат, одни из крупнейших в Европе. Здесь очищают до 400 тыс. куб. м. стоков в сутки, сохраняя 95 % воды, которая возвращается в водопровод и используется для полива. Для проекта «Нимбус» использовали их малую часть — всего 4 куб. м. шлама в час, но и этого хватило для получения десятков килограммов биометана, что обеспечивает автобусам запас хода более 100 км в день.
По умолчанию биометан получают путем очистки и разделения биогаза из отходов на углекислый газ и метан. Последний достаточно чистый, чтобы им можно было заправлять транспорт, но его объем составляет всего 65 % от исходного материала. Новое топливо, напротив, получают смешением водорода и CO2, чтобы можно было перерабатывать весь объем. Дополнительное преимущество в том, что после сжигания такого газа практически не образуются мелкие частички, а в атмосферу попадает не больше углекислого газа, чем было запасено в топливе при его создании.
Теперь на основе «Нимбуса» создается проект SEMPRE-BIO по увеличению производства биометана до 12 куб. м. в час. Это позволит запустить в Барселоне дополнительную автобусную линию и создаст предпосылки для перевода всего общественного транспорта на энергию из биологических отходов тех, кого он возит.
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