Финансист Хрусталева оценила планируемые ограничения выдачи маткапитала: «Есть признаки дискриминации»

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Названы суммы и условия получения материнского капитала на ближайшие годы Поделиться

Женщинам старше 30 лет могут запретить выдавать материнский капитал. По мнению ряда депутатов Госдумы, такая мера сможет стимулировать снижающуюся последние годы рождаемость в стране. Между тем эксперты считают, что едва ли ограничение приведет к положительному эффекту. Скорее, наоборот — отсутствие потенциальной господдержки может снизить мотивацию женщин репродуктивного возраста рожать второго и последующих детей. Как будет работать программа в 2024-м и на что можно использовать средства маткапитала? Об этом «МК» рассказала старший вице–президент ИК Fontvielle Анастасия Хрусталева.

Финансист Хрусталева оценила планируемые ограничения выдачи маткапитала: «Есть признаки дискриминации»

— Значительный процент женщин откладывает рождение ребенка до тридцати с лишним лет из-за финансовых и карьерных соображений. Депутаты решили изменить тренд и предложили ограничить выдачу маткапитала на первого ребенка возрастом матери. Это поможет в борьбе за рождаемость?

— Напомню, что программа материнского (семейного) капитала не бессрочная – она действует в России до 2026 года. При принятии решения о ее продлении будет анализироваться эффективность, обоснованность и возможность корректировки этого инструмента для решения демографических проблем. Чиновники высказывались уже о вариантах финансового стимулирования рождаемости у женщин в более раннем возрасте. Видимо, предложения о выплате материнского капитала женщинам до 25-30 лет преследует аналогичные цели. Однако подобные инициативы таят в себе признаки дискриминации – женщины одного возраста, родившие первого ребенка, получают материальную поддержку от государства, а другого возраста остаются без нее. Данная ситуация по меньшей мере вызывает вопросы.

— У детей вообще-то есть не только матери, но и отцы. Участвуют ли они в этом «аттракционе невиданной щедрости» от государства? Чем материнский капитал отличается от капитала отцовского?

— Понятие «материнский капитал» используют чаще на более обывательском уровне, поскольку в законодательных актах эта мера поддержки семей называется материнским (семейным) капиталом. Это означает, что получить выплаты могут не только матери, но и отцы детей при определенных обстоятельствах. В этом случае капитал называют «отцовским», хотя законы также не содержат такого понятия.

Отцы имеют право получить сертификат на капитал в следующих случаях:

— если они воспитывают второго, третьего и последующих детей, которые родились с начала 2007 года, являясь их отцом или усыновителем и в случае смерти их матери, не являющейся гражданкой РФ;

— если мужчина (отец или усыновитель) воспитывает первого ребенка, который родился после 1 января 2020 года, а мать ребенка умерла, и она не имела гражданства РФ.

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Наличие брака между отцом (усыновителем) ребенка и матерью в данном случае не имеет правового значения. «Отцовский» капитал оформляется на тех же условиях, касательно суммы и права на распоряжение этими деньгами, что и материнский. Фактически речь идёт об одной и той же выплате.

— Как сейчас можно использовать материнский капитал?

— На улучшение жилищных условий, когда ребенку исполнится три года. Можно использовать на образование, оплатив обучение в детском саду, школе или вузе. Воспользоваться сертификатом может и сама мать, направив его на накопительную часть своей пенсии. Госпрограмма предусматривает и помощь детям-инвалидам. Другой вариант — получать выплаты ежемесячно. В планах на следующий год и далее озвучивается некая трансформация этой меры поддержки. Так, помимо индексации выплат и увеличения сумм на первых и последующих детей, есть предложения расширить варианты использования денежных средств, например, на приобретение автомобиля (с определенными ограничениями), на реконструкцию (а не приобретение) отдельного жилья. Правительство прорабатывает возможность закрепить законодательно приобретение за счет средств маткапитала земельных участков и другие инициативы. Подчеркну: пока это только идеи, проекты, которые законодательно не закреплены.

— Как будет меняться программа в ближайшие годы?

— Ощутимый рост уровня выплат радует семьи, планирующие детей. Например, за первого ребенка в этом году можно получить 587 тысяч рублей, а в следующем уже на 44 тысячи рублей больше. Планируется, что в 2025-м году к сумме прибавят еще 49 тысяч рублей. Сопоставимая индексация коснется и выплат на второго ребенка. Думаю, в 2026 году программа будет продлена, поскольку является адресной формой финансовой поддержки семей с детьми и стратегически важна для улучшения демографической ситуации.

Сумма маткапитала на данный момент составляет, если:

-Первый ребенок родился или усыновлен до 2020 года, второй — в 2020 году и позже — 775 628,25 руб. на второго;

-Оба ребенка родились до 2020 года — 586 946,72 руб. на второго;

-Единственный ребенок родился с 1 января 2020 г. — 586 946,72 руб.;

-Первый ребенок родился с 1 января 2020 г. — 586 946,72 руб., и появился второй — еще 188 681,53 руб.;

-Первый и второй ребенок родились до 2007 года, третий — в 2020 году или позже — 775 628,25 руб. на третьего.

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